India’s military response to the April 22, 2025, Pahalgam terror attack marked not merely a tactical action, but a fundamental shift in its strategic doctrine. Operation Sindoor, the codename for a bold retaliatory air campaign, shattered the long-standing tenets of India’s restraint-driven security posture. This was not just about responding to a cross-border provocation it was a calculated assertion of sovereign will, combining military strikes with economic countermeasures and an unapologetic geopolitical stance. The Indian Air Force struck deep into Pakistani territory, hitting eleven military installations, including the highly sensitive Nur Khan airbase near Islamabad a key node in Pakistan’s air defence and nuclear command infrastructure. These strikes were not reactionary outbursts; they were precisely timed, meticulously planned, and unilaterally executed. The choice of targets reflected not only the resolve to punish terror networks, but to decapitate the infrastructure that shields and enables them under the garb of nuclear deterrence. India, for the first time, did not blink in the face of Pakistan’s nuclear threats. It called the bluff and did so with devastating precision.
What followed was unprecedented. The international community, which once scrambled to de-escalate tensions in South Asia, remained eerily silent. Washington, London, Brussels, and even Beijing offered no real condemnation. The world had no playbook for this new India an India that acted without seeking permission, validation, or multilateral endorsement. The traditional scripts were obsolete. This quietude wasn’t diplomatic oversight it was stunned recalibration. India had crossed the Rubicon and declared that its security calculus would no longer be bound by Cold War legacies or post-colonial deference. Strategic restraint, once considered a virtue of mature statecraft, had evolved into a liability. Operation Sindoor rewrote the doctrine as ‘sovereign retaliation’ became the new normal. This retaliatory strike wasn’t just a military action; it was a geopolitical signal, a declaration of strategic independence.
What made this moment historic wasn’t just the airstrikes. Within days, India struck in the economic domain, announcing retaliatory tariffs worth $1.9 billion on U.S. exports, sanctioned by the WTO. While officially framed as a response to American tariffs on Indian steel and aluminium, this move carried deeper implications. It was a direct indictment of Washington’s double standards. Despite its rhetoric of partnership through platforms like the Quad, the U.S. continued to bankroll Pakistan through IMF bailouts, the latest of which came on May 9, 2025 at a time when India & Pakistan were engaged in a military standoff. Washington remained ambivalent, offering neither support nor criticism. Worse, it failed to pressure its NATO ally Turkey to halt drone transfers to Pakistan and made no effort to leverage its defence ties with Pakistan to prevent further escalation. India responded not with pleading, but with policy. The WTO move was not only about trade but also about establishing a doctrine of economic deterrence where tariffs serve as diplomatic instruments just as missiles serve as military ones.
India’s shift did not occur in a vacuum. It was built on a decade of foundational reforms strategic autonomy in defence procurement, diversified energy and trade partners, and a strengthening of indigenous technological platforms. In 1971, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi after a big military victory in the Bangladesh war made a strategic retreat from West Pakistan giving up the gains, handing back 93,000 Pakistani POWs and affording Pakistan army an Off-Ramp to save its honour at Shimla Accord. Prime Minister Modi’s India on other hand in 2025 stood sovereign in policy and posture. There were no Nixon-era backchannels to arm-twist India, no Chinese diversionary threats in Ladakh, no economic leverages to constrain action. This was a state that had absorbed the lessons of the past and finally acted with the strategic decisiveness it long possessed but rarely deployed. Operation Sindoor was not about conquest; it was about calibrated decapitation. It struck hard enough to cripple, but restrained enough to avoid collapse. It was punitive, not escalatory a textbook demonstration of escalation dominance.
The military phase of Operation Sindoor saw coordinated precision strikes across a range of Pakistani targets including Bahawalpur, Muridke, Kotli, Muzaffarabad, and Skardu etc targeting the terror camps and infrastructure on 7th May 2025. On May 10th, 2025 in response to Pakistani escalation by way of Turkish drones, targeting religious places, civilians and Indian military installations; the Indian Airforce struck Pakistani airbases like Rafuqui, Murid, Rahim Yar Khan, Sukkur, Chunian, Jacobabad, Nur Khan, Sargodha and Bholari airbases. These were not token air raids but deep-penetration missions utilizing BrahMos cruise missiles, targeting air defence systems, radar systems, electronic jammers, and bunkers. The Nur Khan Airbase strike sent shockwaves not just through Rawalpindi, but across global defence communities. The base’s proximity to Islamabad and its criticality to Pakistan’s nuclear logistics underscored India’s new resolve. The IAF’s rapid execution within 90 minutes disabled Pakistan’s air defence grid and neutralized its early-warning capabilities. It was a surgical dismantling of Pakistan’s conventional deterrence. The world watched, waited, but did not intervene. The silence was deafening.
India’s leadership under Prime Minister Narendra Modi did not seek applause or permission. Unlike previous governments that lobbied for global sympathy post-Kargil or after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi’s government acted decisively and let its actions speak. There were no diplomatic pilgrimages to world capitals, no speeches at the UN, no dossier handovers. The message was simple, India will defend itself without intermediaries and if that means targeting strategic installations of a nuclear state, then so be it. Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine had long shielded it from Indian retaliation. That shield was dismantled not just through bombs, but through boldness. It was a psychological strike as much as a physical one.
While Pakistan bore the immediate brunt, the real targets of India’s message were China and the United States. Beijing, deeply invested in Pakistan through CPEC and military-industrial collaboration, refrained from open escalation. Even as Chinese-built drones and radars were destroyed, Beijing chose silence, perhaps wary of jeopardizing its broader trading relationship with India amidst tensions in Taiwan and trade war with USA. The United States, meanwhile, struggled with its strategic schizophrenia. India’s actions conflicted with the expectations Washington had long harboured that India would remain a “responsible stakeholder” and junior partner in the Indo-Pacific architecture. But Operation Sindoor, and the WTO retaliation that followed, made it abundantly clear that India no longer played by G2 rules. It would not be managed, moderated, or manipulated.
India’s challenge to the informal U.S.-China duopoly has now become structural. For over a decade, the G2 logic where Washington and Beijing informally co-managed global affairs has sidelined emerging powers. But India’s unilateralism broke that frame. It did not consult either power before acting militarily. It did not apologize for retaliating economically. It neither sought validation nor acknowledged criticism. That defiance is what defines India’s rise not as a “balancing power” but as a disruptor, a sovereign pole in a genuinely multipolar world. Its model of statecraft is rooted in pre-modern civilizational confidence, not post-modern liberal anxieties. It invokes Dharma, not doctrine; sovereignty, not subservience.
For Washington, this presents a strategic conundrum. Should it try to rein India in through pressure and conditionality? Or should it accept India’s autonomy and recalibrate the partnership? The Trump administration has oscillated, unable to decide whether India is a rebellious ally or an indispensable partner. But India has made its position clear it will not compromise on national interests, and certainly not under duress. There will be no compromise disguised as cooperation. India’s economic sovereignty, military autonomy, and civilizational narrative are now core to its foreign policy, and no partnership that demands dilution of these values will be entertained.
This transformation is not without risks. India’s assertiveness threatens entrenched interests. Both the U.S. and China, despite their rivalry, will seek to manage or constrain India’s ascent. Turkey’s deepening drone alliance with Pakistan is one such pressure point. The hybrid warfare against India via drones, trade barriers, and information warfare is likely to intensify. America’s willingness to offer off-ramps to Pakistan and equate Indian retaliation with Pakistani provocation betrays a strategic myopia. India must now navigate this terrain with agility escalating when necessary, de-escalating on its terms, and retaliating across all domains.
The day India launched its strikes on Pakistani airbases, Washington and Beijing came to an agreement on a tentative trade deal an act that reinforced the enduring G2 instinct. But in doing so, they also acknowledged the emerging reality that the future will not be defined by their binary logic alone. India’s assertion has introduced a third pole, one that neither seeks to dominate nor to align, but to act independently. That is the defining hallmark of multipolarity within bipolarity. India has entered this arena not as a substitute power, but as an original force a civilizational state that finally acts in accordance with its historical identity and strategic destiny. Operation Sindoor, in that sense, is not a finite event. It is the inaugural move of a long game, a game where India leads not just in South Asia, but influences the very grammar of global order. The world must now learn to engage with a new India one that retaliates, redefines, and refuses to retreat.
(Navroop Singh is an Intellectual Property Attorney in New Delhi and a geopolitical analyst with the ‘Niti Shastra’ platform. He has co-authored three books and writes on foreign policy, law, history, and public affairs.)